Fracture Mechanics

A quantitative analysis for evaluating structural reliability in terms of applied stress, crack length, and specimen geometry.

Fractures

CracksFracture lines visible around the circumference and/or along the length of a sewer. visibly open along the length and/or circumference of the conduit with the pieces still in place.

Frame

A cast iron unit at the ground surface that provides entry into the manhole.

Frame Ring

In a manhole, it is the metal frame which supports the cover.

Free Boring

To bore or drill without the use of casing installed at the same time as the hole is cut. Not recommended for use with augers.